What to do?

I have an ethical situation here. I've received a fraudulent post-doctoral application. This applicant has, on his CV, listed quite a few publications in peer reviewed journals. Some of them are real. Others simply don't exist. There are no papers by this author in the listed journals. There are no publications with the listed titles in any journal. One of the imaginary papers is supposed to be in Nature, but the listed volume number doesn't even correspond to the listed year, and so on. I am very confident that the CV is fraudulent.

The question then is what, if anything, should I do about this? I don't really want to waste a lot of my time, but this is fairly serious misconduct. I could write to him and request copies of the papers, or an explanation of Figure 2 in the Nature paper. I could tell his boss on him, assuming he actually works where he says he does. I could simply reject the application. I'm not certain what, if anything, is the standard response to this situation. There are confidentiality rules that apply to job applications, even fraudulent ones, so public humiliation is out of the question.

Plagaism, homicide and Wyeth

In trying to understand why America's healthcare system is so much more expensive and so much less effective than in other rich nations, I usually blame the insurance companies. But as is common with problems of this magnitude, there is more than enough blame to go around. The New York Times today highlights another major problem: distortion of the scientific literature by moneyed interests, particularly the pharmaceutical companies. Corporate culture, and corporate law, effectively require officers of publicly owned companies to do everything they legally can to maximize profit. A pharmaceutical company, faced with the option of doing something that boosts profits but decreases health, has every incentive to do so, and predictably will do so in many cases. Americans end up spending money to decrease our own health.

The case described in today's article should be shocking, but due to a long standing pattern of this type of thing, is only disgusting and outragous. Pharma giant Wyeth, maker of among many of things, synthetic hormones for hormone replacement therapy, has been paying ghostwriters to write review articles highlighting the benefits and minimizing the dangers of hormone replacement for post-menopausal women. These review articles were then passed to respected medical researchers who published them in their own names (whether for money, or just to boost their publication records, I'm not sure). The ghostwriters are not mentioned. Wyeth used these articles to paint a false consensus that its product was safe, and thereby boost sales and stave of regulation.

"But the seeming consensus fell apart in 2002 when a huge federal study on hormone therapy was stopped after researchers found that menopausal women who took certain hormones had an increased risk of invasive breast cancer, heart disease and stroke. A later study found that hormones increased the risk of dementia in older patients."

Wyeth's behavior is certainly harmful and reprehensible, and may or may not be illegal; they are currently being sued by several thousand former patients or their survivors. What is absolutely clear is that the researchers who went along with this are some seriously sleazy people who should not be allowed anywhere near medicine, or research. One of the first things we tell students in freshman science classes is that you never ever ever put your name on something that someone else wrote. It is fine to quote people, it is fine to collaborate and have everyone involved in the collaboration listed as authors, but we have a name for taking something someone else wrote and claiming it as your own, even with the blessing of the true author: plagiarism.

One of the many reasons plagiarism is illegal, and specifically forbidden in the ethics codes of universities and publishers, is to avoid exactly this kind of nonsense. We are trained to always question the motivation and bias of the author of anything we read. Why does this person take such a sunny view of the medicine? Why isn't that other study that showed increased risk of strokes mentioned? If the author is a well respected medical researcher with no apparent ties to the manufacturer, maybe the medicine really is that good, and the stroke study wasn't done well enough to be worth mentioning. But if the real author is an employee of Wyeth, with the specific goal of boosting sales, our interpretation might be different. This applies as much to the peer reviewers who were tricked into approving these fake reviews as to the average reader. Peer reviewers are supposed to evaluate conflicts of interest which cold make the article less valuable to the reader. Plagiarism makes it impossible to know the interests of the real author, which was undoubtedly the goal of Wyeth's scheme.

All researcher shown to be publishing articles written in part or whole by ghost-writers (a.k.a. plagiarists) should be publicly discredited by both their employer and their publisher. Furthermore, they should be held legally responsible for the harm and deaths caused by their unethical practices. Such sleazebags are bad for science, bad for medicine, bad for patients and bad for America. Although Wyeth is the most identifiable villain in this particular debacle, the "researchers" who shilled for them should lose the reputations they let Wyeth borrow. Laws should be enacted to make it clear that pharmaceutical companies may not produce deceptive scientific literature to boost sales, and are legally and financially liable both for the deception and for any harm that arises from it. Governments and insurers tricked in buying medicines through deceptive practices should be able to collect recompense and penalties from those perpetrating the fraud. If other pharmaceutical companies have been engaging in similar practices, they and their mouthpieces should also be exposed. It took decades and hundreds of thousands of lives lost to kill the Tobacco Institute. I hope that it will take less time to rid Pharma, which uses largely the same playbook, of their homicidal tendencies.